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The Clinical Evidence

In head-to-head studies, theobromine outperformed fluoride.

Published, peer-reviewed research shows the active ingredient in Rennou® remineralizing enamel and occluding dentin tubules more effectively than fluoride, at a fraction of the concentration.

Amaechi B.T. et al., Caries Research 47(5), 2013 · Clinical Oral Investigations 19(1), 2015
Evidence at a glance

Three findings, three studies

71x
more enamel remineralization than fluoride, at equivalent measure.
Caries Research, 47(5), 2013
4x
larger, more acid-resistant enamel crystals formed on contact.
Glob. J. Med. Pharm. Biomed. Update, 2025
Superior
dentin-tubule occlusion versus fluoride, in situ.
Clinical Oral Investigations, 19(1), 2015
The research library

20+ peer-reviewed studies, by theme

The same studies currently listed as a flat wall, regrouped by theme, with live links and a downloadable dossier for dental professionals.

Remineralization & Enamel Hardness9 studies
Amaechi B.T., Porteous N., Ramalingam K., et al. Remineralization of artificial enamel lesions by theobromine. Caries Research, 47(5), 399-405, 2013. doi ↗
Kargul B., Ozcan M., Peker S., et al. Evaluation of human enamel surfaces treated with theobromine. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 10(3), 275, 2012. doi ↗
Golfeshan F., Mosaddad S.A., Ghaderi F. Toothpastes containing theobromine and caffeine on enamel microhardness. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2021. doi ↗
Dentin-Tubule Occlusion & Sensitivity4 studies
Amaechi B.T., Mathews S.M., Mensinkai P.K. Effect of theobromine-containing toothpaste on dentin tubule occlusion in situ. Clinical Oral Investigations, 19(1), 109-116, 2015. doi ↗
Thomas N.A., Shetty P., Thimmaiah C., et al. Remineralization potential of theobromine and fluoride, SEM-EDX study. J. Int. Dental & Medical Research, 14(4), 2021. record ↗
Safety & Formulation3 studies
Nakamoto T., Falster A.U., Simmons W.B. Theobromine: a safe and effective alternative for fluoride in dentifrices. Journal of Caffeine Research, 6(1), 1-9, 2016. doi ↗
Nakamoto T., Falster A.U., Simmons W.B. The contrasting effects of caffeine and theobromine on crystallization: how the non-fluoride dentifrice was developed. 2022. doi ↗
Antibacterial & Stain Resistance4 studies
Rafiq I.H., Dame-Teixeira N., Do T. The antimicrobial activity of theobromine against cariogenic microbes, an in vitro pilot study. BDJ Open, 10, 8, 2024. doi ↗
Wulandari N.Y., Irawan B., Herda E. Theobromine toothpaste and prevention of enamel discoloration from coffee. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1073, 2018. doi ↗
Download the full research dossier (PDF)
The science behind Rennou®

Independent researchers whose published work backs it

Prof. Betül Kargül, PhD

Professor of Pediatric Dentistry · Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul

An independent researcher in pediatric dentistry whose published studies evaluate theobromine's effect on human enamel surfaces.

Prof. Bennett T. Amaechi, BDS, MSc, PhD

Professor of Dentistry & Director of Cariology · UT Health San Antonio

An independent researcher who authored the head-to-head remineralization and dentin-tubule occlusion studies comparing theobromine to fluoride.

FDA 510(k) Cleared

The first fluoride-free cavity varnish cleared for U.S. professional use

Rennou® Varnish received FDA 510(k) clearance, indicated for the relief of dentin hypersensitivity through mechanical occlusion of dentinal tubules. Two studies substantiate it.

ClassificationClass II · 21 CFR 872.3260
ClearedMay 27, 2025

Dentin tubule occlusion, in vitro SEM (510(k) performance data, K243777 ↗)Bench testing submitted with the clearance: after a single application, 3% Rennou® Varnish occluded dentinal tubules, deposited mineral within them, and penetrated deep into the tubules, as effective as 5% sodium fluoride varnish (Colgate® PreviDent).

Enamel remineralization, publishedParlakyıldız Gökçe A.N., Keleşoğlu E., Sağır K., Kargül B. Remineralization potential of a novel varnish: an in vitro comparative evaluation. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 48(6), 173-180, 2024. doi 10.22514/jocpd.2024.137. Both 1% and 3% Rennou® remineralized enamel comparably to 5% sodium fluoride, with SEM showing similar large crystals and less porosity.

This clearance applies to the professional Rennou® Varnish only, not to Theodent toothpaste.

For dental professionals

Request a professional sample kit, open a wholesale account, or explore Rennou® Varnish, the fluoride-free varnish for chairside use.

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